Final answer:
Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radical (OH*), and peroxide (H₂O₂) are byproducts of cellular metabolism that can cause damage, but are also involved in signaling and immune responses. The body utilizes enzymes and antioxidants to regulate their levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
Reactive Oxygen Species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radical (OH*), and peroxide (H₂O₂) are highly reactive chemical compounds produced as byproducts of various cellular processes, including mitochondrial ATP synthesis and oxygen metabolism. They are capable of oxidizing other molecules, which can lead to cellular damage and contribute to aging and various diseases, such as cancer and coronary artery disease. The body has developed several defense mechanisms, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, to manage ROS levels and mitigate their harmful effects. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E also aid in neutralizing ROS.
In addition to their damaging roles, some ROS are instrumental in cell signaling and immune responses, highlighting their dual nature as both beneficial and harmful entities in biological systems.