Final answer:
Individuals might prefer an involuntary departure to seek asylum due to persecution, or to reunite with family stemming from strong kinship ties, which has been significant throughout history. Deportation orders also result in involuntary departures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Migration is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors. People might prefer an involuntary departure for different reasons, but when it comes to option b), to seek asylum, it may be due to a credible fear of persecution or torture in their home country. This kind of involuntary migration is considered a form of forced migration and involves individuals or groups like refugees who need protection.
Option c), to reunite with family, is another critical reason for involuntary departure. Historical precedents show that during episodes like the self-emancipation of enslaved individuals in the United States, family ties were significant. Some freedom seekers attempted to escape with their loved ones or later devised plans to reunite with their families. Lastly, involuntary departure may be due to deportation orders, which is option d), where individuals are required to leave a country due to legal decisions.