Answer: Which word or phrase best describes the political and religious atmosphere of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
d. Tumultuous.
Explanation: The political and religious atmosphere of the 16th and 17th centuries was characterized by significant upheaval, conflict, and instability. Here are some key points to support this answer:
1. Religious Reformation: The sixteenth century saw the rise of Protestantism and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, resulting in a division within Christianity and leading to religious conflicts and wars, such as the Thirty Years' War.
2. Political Upheaval: The period witnessed major political changes, including the rise of absolute monarchies, the decline of feudalism, and the establishment of nation-states. These changes often led to power struggles, wars, and political instability.
3. Scientific Revolution: The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were marked by significant advancements in scientific thought, challenging traditional religious and political beliefs. This clash between science and established authorities further contributed to the tumultuous atmosphere of the time.
4. Colonial Expansion: European powers were engaged in extensive colonization and exploration during this period, leading to conflicts over territories, resources, and power. These colonial endeavors also brought about cultural clashes and tensions.