Final answer:
Acne vulgaris pathogenesis involves hormonal changes leading to sebum overproduction, which combined with dead skin cells, blocks pores. P. acnes bacteria then infect these clogged pores, causing inflammation and lesions. Treatment varies from topical agents to antibiotics or isotretinoin, depending on severity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris involves a complex interaction of factors that lead to skin disturbances. During puberty, hormonal changes lead to increased production of sebum by sebaceous glands. An overproduction of sebum, along with keratin, can block hair follicles and form a plug that appears white; upon exposure to air and oxidation, it turns black, forming blackheads.
Subsequently, the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, which is an aerotolerant anaerobic bacillus, thrives in this sebum-rich environment. The bacteria secrete enzymes that damage hair follicles and cause inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules, nodules, or pseudocysts. In response to this bacterial infection, the body's immune system triggers inflammation, leading to swelling, redness, and in some cases, pus formation and scarring.
Addressing the severity of acne, treatments range from topical agents and antibiotics for mild to moderate cases, to medications like isotretinoin for severe cases. Non-pharmaceutical treatments include phototherapy and laser therapy, aimed at reducing bacteria and sebum production.