Final answer:
The disease with a maculopapular rash that blanches and is accompanied by a high fever, not pruritic, is likely roseola. Roseola begins with cold-like symptoms and a high fever, which precedes the appearance of the rash. It is commonly seen in children and resolves on its own without treatment.
Step-by-step explanation:
The disease characterized by a maculopapular rash that blanches and high fever, and is not pruritic, aligns with the description of roseola, also known as roseola infantum or exanthem subitum. This condition begins with initial cold-like symptoms and a high fever, followed by the development of a rash three to five days later. Roseola is caused by the human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and sometimes by HHV-7. It commonly affects children and is spread through saliva or respiratory secretions. The diagnosis is generally made based on the symptom profile, and while the fever may be managed, the disease typically resolves on its own.
Fifth disease, or erythema infectiosum, shares similarities but is distinct in that it is characterized by a "slapped cheek" rash and caused by parvovirus B19. This illness is also contagious and more common in children. Fifth disease usually presents with cold-like symptoms before the appearance of the rash.
Contrasting these, diseases such as measles and chikungunya fever do not fit the described symptoms as measles includes Koplik's spots and a rash that becomes confluent, and chikungunya fever involves joint pain and blisters along with the rash.