Final answer:
Confucius favored virtue and social hierarchy with a focus on familial relationships for ethical governance, while Mozi promoted a utilitarian approach, prioritizing universal love and the material good of society, leading to the answer A) Confucius emphasized rulers' virtue, while Mozi emphasized utilitarian governance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Confucius and Mozi held differing views on effective governance and the nature of ethical behavior. Confucius emphasized rulers' virtue and the ethical development of the individual, believing that societal harmony is achieved through a well-ordered society where each individual knows their role and acts with propriety according to their position. He placed a high value on family relationships and the hierarchical structures of society, teaching that these were the foundation for moral responsibilities and social harmony.
In stark contrast, Mozi emphasized utilitarian governance, proposing a rational approach to ethics and governance that evaluates actions based on their outcome and usefulness for society at large. Mozi advocated for universal love and believed in an objective standard of morality grounded in the will of heaven, which he saw as impartial and concerned with the welfare of all. Governance, according to Mozi, should focus on promoting the material good of society, characterized by peace, high population, and plentiful resources.
Therefore, the correct answer is: A) Confucius emphasized rulers' virtue, while Mozi emphasized utilitarian governance.