Final answer:
All the options provided are examples of in-kind transfers: subsidized grains and kerosene in India, SNAP in the US, and Medicaid in the US. In-kind transfers are direct provisions of goods or services as opposed to cash, often with the goal of addressing specific societal issues, such as food insecurity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The examples of in-kind transfers mentioned in the article as alternatives to cash transfers include subsidized grains and kerosene in India, SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) in the US, and Medicaid in the US. Therefore, the correct answer to the question of which of the given examples are in-kind transfers is d. All of the above.
In-kind transfers are forms of assistance where beneficiaries receive goods or services directly, rather than cash. For instance, food assistance is a common type of in-kind aid. The SNAP program and the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program in the U.S. are two significant programs that offer food assistance.