Final answer:
The individuals engaging in the behavior and independent observers can both record cognitive behavior, which entails understanding factors like reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy. Actor-observer bias indicates we understand more about influences on our own behavior than others'.
Step-by-step explanation:
When cognitive behavior is involved, the recording of the occurrence of the behavior can be done by both the individual engaging in the behavior and independent observers. Therefore, the correct answer is d. a and b. The process typically involves observational techniques and can include interactions between researchers and subjects. For instance, the principles of reciprocal determinism and the concept of self-efficacy highlight the cognitive factors that influence whether an individual will choose to imitate a behavior after observing it. An individual's self-efficacy, or confidence in their own abilities, is a crucial cognitive factor that affects learning and personality development.
Regarding the actor-observer bias, the answer is b. influences on our own behavior. This cognitive bias suggests that we usually have more insight into the factors that affect our own behaviors compared to others', often attributing our actions to external, situational factors while attributing others' behaviors to their dispositions or character traits.