Final answer:
Nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair are DNA repair mechanisms that occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while light-dependent repair is mostly observed in prokaryotes and not in eukaryotes. The SOS response is unique to prokaryotes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The DNA repair mechanisms that occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER). NER deals with damage affecting longer strands of DNA, particularly helix-distorting lesions such as thymine dimers, which are often caused by UV exposure. In this process, specialized enzymes make cuts on both the 3' and 5' ends of the damaged DNA. The damaged segment is removed and replaced with correctly paired nucleotides, with the gap sealed by DNA ligase. BER, on the other hand, targets specific incorrect bases that are removed by DNA glycosylases, replaced by the correct bases, and the rest of the repair is similar to NER.
The light-dependent repair, also known as photoreactivation, involves the enzyme photolyase, which directly reverses the damage of thymine dimers using light energy, but this is mostly observed in prokaryotes and not in eukaryotes. The SOS response is a more error-prone repair mechanism found in prokaryotes and does not have a direct counterpart in eukaryotes.