Final answer:
Tonya's actions show how caregiver soothing can help calm a crying infant, reflecting newborns' instinctual behaviors such as crying, rooting, and sucking reflexes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tonya's 3-month-old baby starting to cry after being startled by a loud noise and then being soothed to sleep by Tonya's rocking and singing is an example of reflexive behaviors and the calming effect that caregivers can have on infants. Crying is an instinctive behavior that babies use to communicate their needs, and reflexive actions such as the rooting and sucking reflexes are innate behaviors that facilitate feeding and survival in newborns. Sounds of potential danger, such as those caused by loud noises can startle neonates, but familiar sounds and the soothing presence of a caregiver, often the mother, can help calm and comfort the infant.