Final answer:
Official temperatures are measured using thermometers in shelters that are louvered, white, placed above the ground, and in the shade. Shielding the thermometer from sunshine ensures accurate measurements of air temperature.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to weather standards, official temperatures are measured using thermometers placed in shelters that are louvered and white, placed a few feet above the ground, and in the shade. These measures are necessary to prevent interference from external factors and ensure accurate readings. A thermometer that is shielded from the sunshine measures the air temperature, while a thermometer that is not shielded measures the combined effect of air temperature and net radiative heat gain from the Sun.