Final answer:
Expert power is derived from an individual's knowledge and skills. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capabilities, while legitimacy is seen as the highest form of political power. Logic and reason are used to answer normative political science questions. The correct answer is c. Knowledge and skills.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expert power comes from one's knowledge and skills. This form of power stems from the specialized abilities and expertise that a person has acquired, often through education and experience. It is one of the bases of social power identified in the field of social psychology.
Self-efficacy represents an individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. This concept is crucial for understanding motivation and behavior as it affects how people think, feel, and act.
In discussions of political power, legitimacy is considered the highest form of political power because when power is perceived as legitimate, it is accepted by the people and is more stable and enduring.
Normative political science questions are typically addressed using logic and reason, which may involve establishing ethical bases for political theory and practice.
The characteristic that is not associated with bureaucracies is coercion to join. Bureaucracies generally have a hierarchy of authority, explicit rules, and a clear division of labor.
Self-regulation, also known as an internal locus of control, refers to the ability to control one's own behavior in accordance with personal goals and societal expectations.
Authority is the power accepted because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate. There are different types of authority, including charismatic authority and rational-legal authority, as described by the sociologist Max Weber.
Informational social influence is more likely under the conditions when the answer is unclear and when the group has expertise, as people look to others for guidance when they are uncertain or when they believe others are more knowledgeable.
The "spoils system" was historically a practice that allocated political appointments based on party loyalty, not merit or specialized education.