Final answer:
The manifestations of portal hypertension include bleeding esophageal varices, ascites, and splenomegaly. These conditions result from the increased pressure within the portal venous system due to the obstructed blood flow through a scarred liver.
Step-by-step explanation:
The manifestations of portal hypertension are a consequence of increased venous pressure in the portal venous system. The correct answer to the question is d) all of the above, which includes bleeding esophageal varices, ascites, and splenomegaly as manifestations. Portal hypertension occurs when there is an obstruction of blood flow through the liver, as seen in conditions like liver cirrhosis. This results in the accumulation of blood in the portal vein, leading to increased pressure and consequential development of collateral circulations or varices. These varices, particularly in the esophagus, can rupture and bleed, leading to a serious medical emergency known as bleeding esophageal varices. Ascites, the accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity, is another common manifestation as the high pressure in the portal vein forces fluid into the abdominal space. Lastly, splenomegaly, an enlargement of the spleen, develops due to increased pressure within the splenic vein, which is a branch of the portal venous system.