Final answer:
The correct method for learning new vocabulary words without much effort, as described, is Passive learning. However, methods like habituation and observational learning, along with using flashcards and mnemonic devices, improve vocabulary and study techniques more effectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks to identify the method by which a student can learn new vocabulary words without much effort. Out of the given options, Option 3: Osmosis is often used metaphorically in learning contexts to describe the process of absorbing information without direct or active effort. However, Option 4: Passive learning is the actual educational concept that describes this phenomenon. Passive learning occurs when students receive information without engaging actively in the learning process, which sometimes can lead to picking up new vocabulary by simply being exposed to the words in context, as opposed to deliberate study techniques like memorization or cramming.
Effective methods to enhance vocabulary and study techniques include habituation, observational learning, using flashcards, reading extensively, using mnemonic devices, saying words out loud, and making use of a dictionary. These methods facilitate active engagement and are more directly aligned with active learning strategies, which tend to be more effective for long-term retention.