Final answer:
Papillae are the structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance and house the taste buds which contain gustatory receptor cells. The correct answer to the question is option d. Papillae.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance are called papillae. These papillae contain taste buds, which house specialized gustatory receptor cells responsible for the transduction of taste stimuli. These receptor cells respond to chemicals contained within foods that are ingested, releasing neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters then activate sensory neurons in various cranial nerves such as the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves.
There are several types of papillae, including circumvallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform, and they are found in different regions of the tongue. Each type has a unique function, and not all papillae contain taste buds. For instance, filiform papillae do not contain taste cells but rather are tactile and help the tongue move substances. The correct option for the structure that gives the tongue its bumpy appearance and contains the taste buds is option d. Papillae.