Final answer:
Filipino teachers sent to study abroad are best described as international scholars, who are individuals engaged in research or study at educational institutions overseas.
Step-by-step explanation:
Some Filipino teachers are sent abroad to study. We call them international scholars. The term refers to individuals who are invited into educational institutions to engage in a period of research or study. While the description provided about exchange students returning home and the sociologist who is back from the field resonates with cultural reintegration challenges, this serves as an indirect context to the notion of international scholars but does not define them. On the other hand, OFWs are Filipinos working internationally in various sectors but are not specifically tied to academic pursuits. Scholars in residence typically refer to experts who are invited to reside within an institution for scholarly work. Hence, 'International scholars' is the term that sums up the role of these teachers sent abroad for study the most accurately.