Final answer:
The correct answer to the student's question is D) Opioid withdrawal. PAMORAs, used to manage opioid-induced side effects, especially constipation, carry a risk of opioid withdrawal along with gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Step-by-step explanation:
All PAMORAs (Peripherally Acting Mu-Opioid Receptor Antagonists) have a risk of opioid withdrawal and side effects such as abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea, and nausea. The correct answer to the question is D) Opioid withdrawal. PAMORAs are typically used to counteract the side effects of opioids, especially opioid-induced constipation, without affecting analgesia.
Side effects are an important consideration when prescribing any medication, including PAMORAs. Patients may experience a range of side effects, which can include but are not limited to aches, headaches, nausea, lethargy, and diarrhea or constipation. In some severe cases, there can be a risk of lethal complications such as the perforation of the intestine.