Final answer:
A party can be held liable for the wrongful actions of another party under the doctrine of vicarious liability. Whereas international law primarily rests on the principle of state sovereignty, which recognizes the independent authority of states to govern themselves.
Step-by-step explanation:
The legal doctrine under which a party can be held liable for the wrongful actions of another party is vicarious liability. This premise is often employed in employment scenarios where an employer may be held responsible for the actions of their employees. For instance, if a delivery driver employed by a company is involved in an accident while working, the company could potentially be held vicariously liable for any damages caused by the driver's negligence.
In contrast, contributory negligence refers to a situation where a plaintiff is found to have contributed to their own harm, strict liability involves responsibility without the need to prove negligence or fault, and joint liability pertains to the shared legal responsibility of two or more parties for a debt or other liability.
International law and state sovereignty
Additionally, in the realm of international law, the principle that forms the bedrock of international legal systems is state sovereignty (answer a). This principle acknowledges that states have the authority to govern themselves, free from outside interference.