Final answer:
John Rawls proposes two principles of justice to achieve equality: equal basic liberties for all and arranging inequalities so they benefit the least advantaged and are available to all under fair equality of opportunity.
Step-by-step explanation:
From John Rawls' perspective, the best way to achieve equality in society is by adhering to his two principles of justice. Rawls suggests that to determine a just society, one must take the position of the Original Position behind a Veil of Ignorance, where all personal characteristics are unknown, ensuring decisions are made without bias towards one's own specific circumstances. This thought experiment guides the establishment of his principles.
The Two Principles of Justice
- Each person has an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
- Social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are:
a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and
b. attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
By prioritizing these principles, Rawls aims to design a society where the maxi-min principle is upheld - maximizing liberty and opportunity while minimizing inequalities, particularly for the least advantaged. This framework encourages a fair distribution of wealth and resources, contributing to the structural foundation for a welfare state.
Rawls' approach aligns with egalitarianism, valuing that all individuals are morally equal and endorsing that equality in resources helps to reflect this moral ideal. His theory of justice, emphasizing fairness for all, especially the disadvantaged, offers a logical argument for instituting policies that support social welfare and prohibit discrimination in any form.