Final answer:
Temperature data from Mauna Loa and Antarctic ice cores like Siple, Law Dome, and Vostok are collected through atmospheric monitoring and analyzing air bubbles in ice cores. These methods are reliable due to their consistent methodology, reproducibility, and peer review.
Step-by-step explanation:
Temperature data at Mauna Loa, Siple ice core, Law Dome ice core, and Vostok Station in Antarctica are gathered using various methodologies, each providing insights into Earth's climatic history. Mauna Loa's data are collected through atmospheric monitoring while Antarctic ice cores reveal historical climate data through the analysis of air bubbles trapped in the ice, containing greenhouse gases like CO₂, and isotopic composition such as deuterium levels. For instance, the Vostok ice core provides temperature data by measuring the amount of deuterium, where a higher ratio indicates higher temperatures relative to modern-day levels.
The reason to believe these data lies in the consistent methodology and reproducibility of results across different studies and sites, with ice core data offering records of up to 400,000 years. These methodologies undergo rigorous peer review and are cross-verified for accuracy and consistency.