Final answer:
Nail plate cells are produced by matrix cells, a specific type of epidermal cell in the nail matrix, through the division of stem cells that form keratinocytes. These keratinocytes produce keratin, contributing to the creation of the nail plate which protects and enhances the sensitivity of the fingertip.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nail plate is produced by matrix cells which are a type of specialized epidermal cell located in the nail matrix at the proximal end of the nail. These matrix cells contain stem cells that divide to produce keratinocytes, the main cells that synthesize keratin and form the nail plate. As these keratinocytes mature, they are pushed forward, flatten, and harden, eventually forming the visible nail plate that overlays the nail bed.
Nails are important for protecting the fingertip and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. They also enhance the sensitivity of touch and can function as tools for precise movements. Nails also serve as indicators for various health conditions and reflect the state of a person's general well-being.
The growth of nails occurs from the nail root through a process involving the continuous division of matrix cells. It is a common misconception that nails grow from the distal end to the proximal end, but in reality, nail growth happens in the opposite direction. The lunula, which is the visible part of the matrix, seen through the nail plate as a white crescent shape at the base of the nail, shows where the newest nail cells are being produced.