Question

By 800, who ruled much of western and central Europe?

1) Charlemagne
2) William the Conqueror
3) Joan of Arc
4) King Arthur

Answer 1

By 800, Charlemagne, the Germanic ruler who reigned from 768 to 814, ruled much of western and central Europe. He united a vast empire that extended from modern France to central Europe and was crowned Emperor of the Romans, marking the formation of the Holy Roman Empire.

Step-by-step explanation:

By 800, Charlemagne ruled much of western and central Europe. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was a Germanic ruler who reigned from 768 to 814 and worked tirelessly to revive the Roman world in terms of territory and culture. His reign is noted for the military campaigns he waged to convert non-Christian Germans to his east and seize loot for his followers. Through his conquests, he formed the early iteration of 'Germany' and united areas that include modern France, Germany, northern Italy, and parts of northern Spain and central Europe—the first unification of western Europe since the fall of Roman authority. On Christmas day in 800, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, marking a significant moment in the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. Charlemagne's efforts to reform the church, revive learning, and extend his influence are remembered as part of the Carolingian Renaissance.