Final answer:
Gene chips typically contain sequences such as oligonucleotides and genomic or cDNA corresponding to SNPs, aiding in gene expression analysis and genotyping. Whole-genome sequencing offers a complete genetic overview, vital for medical and evolutionary studies. Both technologies are essential for modern research in the biological sciences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The different types of sequences typically spotted on a gene chip include cloned DNA from genomic or cDNA libraries, PCR products, oligonucleotides, and DNA corresponding to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A gene chip, or DNA microarray, facilitates the analysis of gene expression by allowing the hybridization of fluorescently tagged cDNA or genomic DNA to these fixed sequences, helping researchers identify active genes and genotype the organism. Furthermore, these microarrays are also sensitive enough to distinguish between sequences that differ by just a single nucleotide, highlighting their importance in various research areas including medical genomics and conservation biology.
Whole-genome sequencing, on the other hand, provides a comprehensive map of all six billion base pairs in the human genome, allowing for the detection of gene function abnormalities, early diagnosis of onset diseases, and may influence individual decisions on lifestyle and medical interventions. Technologies such as massively parallel sequencing continue to enhance our ability to characterize entire genomes and transcriptomes, although Sanger sequencing remains superior in read length. Scientists also use genetic markers such as RFLP, VNTRs, microsatellite polymorphisms, and SNPs in generating genetic maps and understanding gene regulation and evolution.