Final answer:
An experimental study focuses on the relationship between an independent variable, which is manipulated, and a dependent variable, which is measured. Confounding variables are controlled, experimental controls are set, and both experimental and control groups are compared to assess the effect of the independent variable.
Step-by-step explanation:
In an experimental study, the process involves several key components, each with a specific function. The independent variable is the factor manipulated or controlled by the experimenter to study its effect on the dependent variable, which is the outcome measured by the researcher. Confounding variables are factors other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable and need to be controlled to avoid biased results. Experimental controls are standard conditions under which an experiment is performed to ensure that the result is due to the independent variable only. An experimental group receives the experimental manipulation of the independent variable, while a control group does not, serving as a basis for comparison to observe the effect of the independent variable on the dependent. By controlling the confounding variables, and comparing the experimental and control groups, a researcher can accurately attribute any changes in the dependent variable to the independent variable.