Final answer:
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned from 605 BCE until 562 BCE during the Neo-Babylonian period. His reign was noted for military campaigns and monumental constructions like the Hanging Gardens. He was succeeded by Nabonidus, and ultimately Babylonia fell to King Cyrus II of Persia in 539 BCE.
Step-by-step explanation:
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned during what is known as the Neo-Babylonian period. After his father Nabopolassar, he took the throne and continued to expand the Babylonian Empire. Nebuchadnezzar II's reign marked a time of great construction and military achievements, including his attempts to invade Egypt and the legendary creation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. His reign began in 605 BCE and lasted until approximately 562 BCE.
It was also during the Neo-Babylonian period that the famous conquest by Persian King Cyrus II occurred, leading to the fall of Babylon. King Cyrus II defeated the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus, in 539 BCE, incorporating Babylonia into the expansive Achaemenid Persian Empire.