Final answer:
The sampling method where every customer receives a call is an example of convenience sampling, which may lead to a biased sample because it does not involve random selection. Similarly, selecting entire departments randomly for surveys is known as cluster sampling, while asking every tenth customer in a health club to take part in a survey exemplifies systematic random sampling.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sampling method described in the student's homework question falls under the category called "convenience sampling". This method involves collecting data from members of a population that are easily accessible. It is not a form of random sampling and therefore may not be representative of the entire population. In the given scenario, every customer receives a call simply because they have been a customer, not through a process that gives all customers an equal probability of being selected.
In the department store manager's case, where four departments are chosen at random for employee satisfaction surveys, the type of survey design is cluster sampling. Cluster sampling involves selecting intact groups, or clusters, at random, rather than random individuals from the population. Here, departments act as clusters.
On the other hand, if a health club asks every tenth customer to complete a survey, they are employing a systematic random sampling method, as the sample is selected according to a fixed, periodic interval (every tenth person in this case).