Final answer:
A generalized model used to explain and predict aspects of the natural world is called a theory. It is a well-tested and reliable explanation that can be modified in light of new evidence, and is distinct from a law, which describes a pattern in nature often with a mathematical formula.
Step-by-step explanation:
A generalized model used to explain how something happens and is utilized to predict answers to related evidence and problems is known as a theory. This model is used after it has been thoroughly tested and confirmed to be a reliable explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. For instance, the theory of evolution is such a generalized explanatory model. It emerges from stringent testing through the scientific method, including experimentation, observation, and the ability to make testable predictions. A theory, unlike a law, is a comprehensive statement that explains a group of related phenomena and may adapt as new evidence comes to light. On the other hand, a law describes a generalized pattern in nature often accompanied by a mathematical formula; for example, Newton's second law of motion (F = ma).
In regard to the specific question, the word 'theory' is not synonymous with 'fact', 'hypothesis', 'idea', or 'alternate explanation'. Rather, a theory is a well-established, comprehensive explanation that has withstood extensive testing, much like the theory of evolution or the theory of relativity. A hypothesis is an initial, tentative explanation, while 'fact' refers to something confirmed with evidence. Therefore, a theory encapsulates a more mature scientific understanding than a hypothesis and can often predict observable facts related to its domain.