Final answer:
The resurgence of pseudoscience and religious extremism challenges the pre-eminence of reason that was established during the Enlightenment. The 20th century saw increased skepticism about human progress, leading to a blend of reason with historical and emotional factors in understanding our world. The modern struggle is to balance rationalism with moral and emotional considerations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The resurgence of pseudoscience, religious extremism, and irrationalism in the new century is indicative of a complex society where reason and emotion often clash. In the Enlightenment, reason reigned supreme, with philosophers like René Descartes arguing that rationalism was the main source of knowledge. However, the modern era reveals that the application of reason is not ubiquitous, and moral complexities often push individuals towards transcendental explanations.
After World War I, the concept of human progress and the infallibility of reason began to be questioned. This skepticism continued into the 20th century, where the role of logic and reasoning in understanding our moral framework began to merge with emotional and historical contexts. Despite the Enlightenment's focus on reason-based moral theories, alternative approaches that incorporate historical interpretation, religious beliefs, and psychological aspects have become more prevalent.
The tension between the rational and the irrational elements of human society is thus not simply a conflict of ideas but is also influenced by the deep-seated need for moral and emotional satisfaction. The ongoing challenge is in finding a balance between reasoned debate and the varied human experiences that shape our perceptions and decisions.