Final answer:
The formal pattern central to much African American vernacular music is call and response, complemented by elements of polyrhythms and syncopations which add tension and complexity to the music, emphasizing the individuality and community of African American culture.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding African American Vernacular Music
The formal pattern central to much African American vernacular music is call and response. This technique has deep roots in sub-Saharan African music and has permeated a variety of music styles including jazz, hip hop, gumboot dancing, and Steppin'. In a call and response interaction, the leader makes a musical call, and the performers or audience provides a response which can either be a repetition or a variation of the call. This form provides a base for improvisation, drawing the audience into the performance, and giving a democratic aspect to the musical experience.
Polyrhythms and syncopations are also integral to these musical traditions. Polyrhythm involves multiple contrasting rhythms being performed simultaneously, which requires a high level of skill and creates tension within the music. Syncopation breaks from the expected rhythm pattern by placing emphasis on beats that are traditionally unstressed, adding complexity and interest.
Emphasis on individuality and community is prevalent through these forms. From the hollers and calls of enslaved African Americans to the use of body movements like hand-clapping and foot-stomping in spirituals, these aspects reflect an ongoing dialogue between the musical traditions of Africa and the experiences of African Americans throughout history.