Final answer:
Cancer-causing genes are called oncogenes. Oncogenes are mutated forms of proto-oncogenes, which cause increased cell proliferation. The correct answer is option b).
Step-by-step explanation:
Cancer-causing genes are commonly known as oncogenes. These genes are normally involved in the regulation of cell growth and division. However, when they become mutated, they can promote the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which can lead to the development of tumors.
In contrast, tumor suppressor genes serve as a protective mechanism against cancer by inhibiting cell division and promoting apoptosis when necessary. Mutations in these genes can lead to their inactivation, thereby removing important checks on cell division and contributing to tumorigenesis.
Proto-oncogenes are the precursors to oncogenes. They become oncogenic when they are mutated or otherwise deregulated, leading to an increase in their activity or expression. The inclusion of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the regulation of the cell cycle underscores the delicate balance between cell division and cell death that is crucial for preventing cancer.