Final answer:
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is the technique responsible for a significant increase in DNA or RNA fragments by amplifying specific sequences for further analysis in genetic studies.
Step-by-step explanation:
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Genetic Material Amplification
The technique that leads to a significant increase in DNA or RNA fragments is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). PCR is an essential tool in molecular biology that enables scientists to amplify specific regions of DNA or RNA for further analysis. Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, PCR can produce millions of copies of a target DNA sequence within a few hours, greatly facilitating genetic studies, forensic analysis, clinical diagnosis, and more.
Unlike other techniques such as Southern blotting, which is used to find and study DNA sequences, or Northern blotting, which is for mRNA analysis, PCR focuses on the amplification of nucleic acids. This means it multiplies the number of copies of certain sequences, making them easier to study or use in various applications like cloning gene fragments, identifying foreign DNA, and sequencing.
For instance, in plant breeding techniques, PCR can be used to identify genetic markers linked to desirable traits, enhancing the efficiency of breeding programs. Moreover, PCR's role in the field of biotechnology is paramount, revolutionizing the way research and diagnostics are carried out due to its speed, accuracy, and the small amount of sample required.