Final answer:
Biological nitrogen fixation is environmentally friendly because it is a natural process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants, improves soil health, and avoids the use of synthetic chemicals. This sustainable method supports plant growth and is fundamental to ecological balance and resource conservation in agriculture.
Step-by-step explanation:
Environmental Benefits of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Biological nitrogen fixation is characterized as an environmentally friendly method of fertilizing plants primarily because it is a natural process that doesn't rely on the manufacturing or use of synthetic chemicals, which can be harmful to the environment. In this process, microorganisms such as soil bacteria and cyanobacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), which plants can readily utilize. The symbiotic relationship between these microorganisms and plants, particularly legumes, plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and minimizing environmental impact. Nitrogen fixation contributes significantly to the soil's fertility and promotes a balanced ecosystem by maintaining natural nutrient cycles. The process involves complex redox reactions facilitated by enzymes known as nitrogenases, which contain iron and molybdenum, ensuring the continual accessibility of nitrogen to plant life. As part of this symbiotic interaction, plants provide carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis to the microorganisms, which in turn convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plants can use. Not only does this foster plant growth and soil health, but it also offers an endless source of nitrogen without the added costs and environmental risks associated with synthetic fertilizers.