Final answer:
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, both of which serve pivotal roles in information processing and are protected within the body by bone and meninges.
Step-by-step explanation:
The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. These two organs are crucial for the processing and transmission of information throughout the body. The brain is protected by the skull and includes the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem, each with its specific functions. The spinal cord, an extension of the nervous system within the vertebral column, is shielded by the bones of the spine. The CNS is covered with protective layers called meninges. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.