Final answer:
To manage the risk of pulmonary aspiration in parturients, techniques such as rapid sequence induction, keeping the head elevated, and avoiding premedication that can relax the lower esophageal sphincter are used. Dietary and lifestyle changes can also reduce GERD symptoms that contribute to the risk. For infants with RDS, medical treatments like ventilators, CPAP, and pulmonary surfactant, along with other supportive therapies, are vital for their care.
Step-by-step explanation:
To manage the risk of pulmonary aspiration in parturients who are non-fasting or have a history of reflux, rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a critical technique used during anesthesia to protect the airway. This method minimizes the time between the loss of protective airway reflexes and tracheal intubation to prevent aspiration. Moreover, keeping the head elevated can help reduce the risk by utilizing gravity to prevent stomach contents from moving up into the esophagus. Avoiding certain medications that may relax the lower esophageal sphincter, such as premedication, is also recommended to decrease the likelihood of reflux and aspiration.
Additionally, avoiding foods and beverages that can exacerbate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as chocolate, fatty foods, and alcoholic beverages, can be beneficial. Eating smaller portions and avoiding meals right before bedtime can also help manage GERD symptoms and reduce the risk of aspiration.
Medical treatment options for infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) may include support with ventilators, use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and administration of pulmonary surfactant. Other supportive therapies for premature infants, such as temperature regulation, nutritional support, and the use of antibiotics, might be required to enhance their overall health and prevent complications like pulmonary aspiration.