Final answer:
Deductive reasoning involves testing ideas against the empirical world, while inductive reasoning uses empirical observations to form new ideas. In the context of scientific study, descriptive science is associated with inductive reasoning, while hypothesis-based science is associated with deductive reasoning.
Step-by-step explanation:
Testing ideas against the empirical world is to deductive as empirical observations leading to new ideas are to inductive. Deductive reasoning involves starting with a generalization and testing it against real-world observations. Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, uses real-world observations to form general conclusions. In the context of scientific study, descriptive science is usually associated with inductive reasoning, while hypothesis-based science is usually associated with deductive reasoning.