Final answer:
The plows created by 3500 BCE originated in Sumer, hence the correct answer is d) Sumer. The Mesopotamians called the Indus Valley civilization Meluhha. Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro exhibited advanced urban planning.
Step-by-step explanation:
By 3500 BCE, plows were created in Sumer and were pulled by two to eight oxen. Thus, the correct answer to the question regarding the origin of plows is d) Sumer. The Sumerian farmers were the first known to use the plow to increase agricultural yields, as evidenced by archaeological findings.
The Mesopotamians referred to the Indus Valley civilization as Meluhha, which is answer a). It is fascinating how the Indus Valley civilization was able to spread its technology and culture without the presence of powerful, centralized hereditary monarchs. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are notable cities of this civilization that indicate advanced urban planning and were massive for their time, housing up to forty thousand residents each with well-laid out streets and sophisticated grid patterns.