Final answer:
Civilizations developed beyond the hunter/gatherer and agricultural societies through advances in technology, the establishment of trade networks, military strength, and the role of religious beliefs. Specialization in trades and the surplus produced by agriculture facilitated the formation of cities and complex social structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Civilizations and Their Developments Beyond Hunter/Gatherer and Agricultural Societies:
Early civilizations extended their capacity well beyond hunter/gatherer and agricultural societies, enabling them to adapt, explore, and innovate. The transition to agriculture allowed for food surplus and specialization in occupations such as farming, trading, and crafting. This specialization meant not everyone had to focus on food production, and people could take on various roles, including creating pottery, buildings, and managing trade.
Technological advancements, trade networks, and military strength were critical to the success and expansion of civilizations. Progress in technology and agriculture led to an increase in population and the establishment of cities. Essential to this growth were trade networks that enabled the exchange of goods and ideas, which became a backbone of civilization, fostering connections between societies.
Military strength was also a significant factor in protecting civilization’s resources and expanding territory. Religious beliefs played a key role as well, as the division of labor due to agriculture allowed the formation of priestly classes, who contributed to the construction of monuments and the conduct of elaborate rituals, thereby reinforcing social hierarchies.