Final answer:
The first phase of Bismarck's foreign policy began in 1862 with the strengthening of Prussia through wars and alliances, leading to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs and the acquisition of key territories, based on the principles of Realpolitik. This phase ended with the formation of a unified Germany with Bismarck as Chancellor in 1871. Later, Bismarck shifted towards empire building in Africa influenced by trade and prestige.
Step-by-step explanation:
The first phase of Otto von Bismarck's foreign policy as the Prime Minister of Prussia, which began in 1862, emphasized strengthening Prussia within a German context by waging decisive wars to expand its power and influence. Key to his strategy was the exclusion of Austria from German affairs, acquisition of territories such as Schleswig and Holstein, Alsace and Lorraine, building alliances, and consolidating the German states under Prussian leadership through a series of wars. This phase culminated in the formation of a unified Germany, with Bismarck being appointed as the first Imperial Chancellor on January 18, 1871.
Bismarck's approach depended on Realpolitik, a pragmatic and practical method of making political decisions based on the calculation of power and the national interest, instead of moral or ideological considerations. Through Realpolitik, he made alliances and decisions that would benefit Prussia's position and power, ultimately leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian dominance.
The beginning of Bismarck's foreign policy focused not on the acquisition of overseas colonies but on consolidating strength within Europe. It wasn't until the 1880s that he began to consider overseas empire building, influenced by the desire for trade opportunities and increased German prestige, leading to the acquisition of territories in Africa.