Final answer:
The geography of Russian oil and gas exports has shifted towards Asia since the break-up of the Soviet Union, with Eastern Europe aiming to integrate with the European Union and Russia exploring the rising energy demands in Asian markets.
Step-by-step explanation:
Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, the geography of Russian oil and gas exports has shifted significantly. After the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. and the Warsaw Pact, Russia entered the globalization phase characterized by an increased foreign investment and privatization. Meanwhile, Eastern European countries that were previously under Soviet influence turned their focus towards integrating with the European Union and adopting Western European values and economic practices. This included moving towards democratic governance and open market economies.
In response to these changes and as part of a diversifying strategy, Russia has increasingly turned its attention towards Asia for oil and gas exportation. The Ural Mountains have provided Russia with an abundance of natural resources, including oil and natural gas, contributing to the increased export profits. The involvement of multinational corporations in this region, particularly in untapped reserves under the Eurasian Steppes, indicates a drive towards Asia where rising energy demands offer substantial export opportunities.
Thus, the correct answer to the question, "How has the geography of Russian oil and gas exports shifted since the break-up of the Soviet Union?" is C. Towards Asia. Eastern Europe is seeking closer economic ties with the EU, while Russia focuses on meeting the rising energy needs of Asian markets.