Final answer:
The JC virus is responsible for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare and often fatal brain infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients. PML results from the reactivation of the JC virus in individuals with severe immune deficiency. While there is no specific cure for PML, ART can improve outcomes for HIV/AIDS patients.
Step-by-step explanation:
The virus that causes a form of encephalitis called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), especially in AIDS patients, is the John Cunningham virus (JC virus). PML is a rare and often fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain. It mostly occurs in people with severe immune deficiency, such as those with AIDS, although other immunocompromised states can also predispose one to PML.
The JC virus is typically asymptomatic and resides in the body without causing any apparent disease in most individuals. However, in those with compromised immune systems, such as AIDS patients whose immune surveillance is diminished, the virus can reactivate and cause PML. This condition is marked by a rapid progression of neurological symptoms, which may include clumsiness, progressive weakness, and visual, speech, and cognitive deficits.
While treatment options for PML are limited, addressing the underlying immunodeficiency through antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS can lead to improved outcomes or stabilization of the disease. There is currently no cure or specific treatment for PML, thus prevention and control of HIV infection remains critical to reducing the incidence of PML among the at-risk population.