Final answer:
A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea, leading to symptoms like coughing, choking, and cyanosis due to aspiration of food into the respiratory tract.
Step-by-step explanation:
A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea. This condition can lead to the '3 C's' - coughing, choking, and cyanosis - due to the entry of food into the respiratory tract during swallowing. The esophagus is a muscular tube, approximately 25 cm (10 in) in length in adults, that ordinarily carries food from the mouth to the stomach. When functioning normally, it lies posterior to the trachea and remains collapsed when not engaged in swallowing. The trachea is a cartilaginous tube responsible for transporting air from the larynx to the primary bronchi. When both the trachea and esophagus do not form correctly, this can result in a tracheoesophageal fistula.
Symptoms associated with this condition may include respiratory distress such as shortness of breath, wheezing or stridor, and hoarseness. Additionally, patients might experience pain with swallowing and persistent cough. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for individuals with this condition to prevent complications linked to aspiration and to maintain proper nutrition and lung function.