Question

*Which two processes best summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2, respectively? "Specifically, patients with high interoceptive awareness are likely to associate mild changes in bodily sensations (such as slightly heightened heartbeat) with the panic they experienced during panic attacks; this leads to conditioned fear in response to changes in bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 1). Another maintenance factor for PD is the misappraisal of bodily sensations (Maintenance Factor 2), such as interpreting bodily sensations as signs of imminent death or loss of control."

A) Operant conditioning and top-down processing
B) Classical conditioning and affective processes
C) Operant conditioning and physiological processes
D) Classical conditioning and cognitive processes

Answer 1

The correct processes that summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2 for Panic Disorder (PD) are Classical conditioning and cognitive processes, respectively. Factor 1 involves learned fear responses to bodily sensations, while Factor 2 is about the misinterpretation of those sensations due to cognitive distortions.

Step-by-step explanation:

The two processes that best summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2 for Panic Disorder (PD) are, respectively, Classical conditioning and cognitive processes. Maintenance Factor 1 pertains to how patients with high interoceptive awareness associate minor changes in bodily sensations, like a slightly increased heartbeat, with previous panic attack experiences. This results in a conditioned fear response whenever such bodily sensations are noticed. Maintenance Factor 2 revolves around the misappraisal of bodily sensations, where individuals misinterpret physical sensations as extreme threats like impending death or loss of control, indicating a cognitive distortion in how the sensation is understood. In the context of the given question, the correct answer is D) Classical conditioning and cognitive processes because they accurately describe the way bodily sensations become stimuli triggering a fear response (Classical conditioning) and the way those sensations are appraised cognitively, potentially leading to exacerbated anxiety or panic (cognitive processes).