Final answer:
Salinity, phosphate concentration, and temperature vary between the surface ocean and deep ocean due to different factors such as freshwater inputs, upwelling, and solar radiation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The salinity, phosphate concentration, and temperature vary between the surface ocean and deep ocean.
Salinity: Salinity generally increases with depth in the ocean. The surface ocean has lower salinity due to inputs of freshwater from rivers, precipitation, and melting ice. In contrast, the deep ocean has higher salinity because of evaporation and the sinking of denser, saltier water.
Phosphate Concentration: Phosphate concentration levels are generally higher near the surface of the ocean due to the input of nutrients from land and biological activity. However, it can vary depending on factors such as upwelling and circulation patterns.
Temperature: The temperature of the ocean generally decreases with depth. The surface ocean is warmer due to the influence of solar radiation, while the deep ocean is colder due to factors such as mixing and circulation patterns.