Final answer:
Synaptic plasticity is the neural basis for learning and memory that involves increased firing potential after rapid stimulation. This includes changes in synaptic connections and neurotransmitter systems, with factors such as neurogenesis in the hippocampus also contributing to memory formation and learning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The neural basis for learning and memory that involves an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation is known as synaptic plasticity. This concept is exemplified by the increase in neurotransmitter release and the strengthening of synaptic connections through processes such as long-term potentiation (LTP). During synaptic plasticity, transient changes in membrane voltage can result in lasting changes to the neuron, contributing to learning and memory formation. This could involve changes in the number and structure of dendritic spines, as well as alterations in neurotransmitter release and receptor sensitivities.
In experiments, the strengthening of synaptic connections can be observed following a variety of stimuli, such as the pairing of an audio tone with a foot shock in animal models. The presence of strong emotions can also trigger stronger memories due to the arousal theory, wherein neurotransmitters and hormones are released that enhance memory retention. Additionally, new neurons generated in adults through neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus, can play a critical role in learning and memory. Interestingly, factors like exercise and antidepressants promote neurogenesis, while stress inhibits it. The leech is commonly used in electrophysiology experiments as a model organism due to ethical considerations and the simplicity of its nervous system compared to humans.