Final answer:
A deficiency in the concrete operational stage, Piaget's third phase of cognitive development, could lead to problems with mathematical concepts such as using subtraction to check addition. This stage is where children learn that numerical operations are inverses of each other and understand the conservation of quantities. Therefore, option 3 (Concrete operational stage) is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to Piaget's stages of cognitive development and which deficiency might cause problems for a student when they attempt to check addition using subtraction, specifically the problem 5+3=8 and checking it by calculating 8-5=3. The stage of cognitive development in question here is concrete operational stage, which Piaget described as the point at which children, typically between the ages of 7 and 11, are capable of logical thought processes regarding concrete objects. They begin to understand the concept of conservation and can perform operations like addition and subtraction, which are inverses of each other.
The deficiency that might lead to a student having problems with understanding that addition can be checked by subtraction would likely be a deficiency in the concrete operational stage. If a child has not properly developed through this stage, they might struggle with the concept that quantities remain constant despite their appearance changing or being rearranged, as well as understanding simple mathematical operations and their inverses. Option 3 is the correct answer because it specifically mentions the concerns involved with the concrete operational stage, which is when children typically develop the ability to comprehend and check mathematical operations logically.