Final answer:
Long fermentation times in rum production primarily add complex flavors and character to the final product. They allow yeasts to create compounds that enhance taste and aroma, not primarily to increase alcohol levels or color.
Step-by-step explanation:
Long rum fermentation times of 10, 20 days or more are designed primarily to add flavor and character to the final product. The fermentation process is not just about converting sugars into alcohol; it also allows for the development of various compounds that contribute to the complex taste and aroma of rum. Extended fermentation times give yeasts more opportunity to produce these flavor-enhancing compounds. While alcohol levels can naturally increase during initial stages of fermentation, they tend to level off at a certain point, so extended fermentation is not mainly for boosting alcohol content. Similarly, the color of rum mostly comes from aging in barrels rather than the length of fermentation, and while impurities are filtered out at various stages in the production process, this is not the main purpose of long-term fermentation.