Final answer:
Konrad Lorenz theorized that aggression is innate and evolutionarily advantageous for securing resources and ensuring survival and reproductive success. Human aggression is shaped by societal norms and can be divided into hostile aggression, driven by anger, and instrumental aggression, driven by goal fulfillment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist and ethologist who is often regarded as one of the founders of the field of ethology, suggested that aggression is an innate and necessary drive that helps with survival and reproduction. According to Lorenz, natural selection has favored aggressive behavior because it allows individuals to gain access to valuable resources such as food, territory, and mates. In Lorenz's view, aggression serves a function in both animal behavior and human behavior. For humans, societal norms and cultures also shape the expression of aggression, influencing when and how it is considered acceptable to exhibit aggressive behaviors.
There are two primary forms of aggression discussed: hostile aggression, which is motivated by feelings of anger and aims to cause pain, and instrumental aggression, which is geared towards achieving a specific goal and does not necessarily aim to cause pain. Both forms of aggression can be observed in human interactions and in the animal kingdom where aggressive displays often serve as a mechanism to reduce the need for actual physical confrontations.