Final answer:
A movement from one position to another involving more responsibility and increased pay is called a promotion. Polarization refers to the widening gap between high- and low-end jobs. Social promotion is the practice of advancing students to the next grade even if they haven't met the requirements.
Step-by-step explanation:
A movement from position to position involving more responsibility and more pay is referred to as a promotion. This is often seen as a form of upward mobility within a company or organization. In contrast to a promotion, a demotion involves a decrease in responsibility and pay, a lateral move refers to changing positions with similar levels of responsibility and pay, and a transfer simply involves moving to a different position or location without necessarily changing the level of responsibility or pay.
Polarization is the practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases.
Social promotion is the practice of allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade.
The concept of social mobility refers to the ability of individuals to move up or down the socio-economic scale, which impacts their social class and can occur due to various life events such as employment changes, education, or illness.