Final answer:
The concept that humans are entitled to fundamental rights is associated with the school of Natural Law, which acknowledges rights that are universal and inalienable, not subject to the whims of government or human legislation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The belief that humans are entitled to certain fundamental rights is a component of the Natural Law school of thought. This philosophy posits that there are universal and inalienable rights that all humans inherently possess, which cannot be revoked by human-made laws or authorities. Major contributions to the theory of natural rights have come from Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, who articulated the inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property, influencing the development of modern democratic governments.
Natural Law is closely linked with the concept of natural rights, which are seen as pre-existing and not granted by society or government. These rights include, but are not limited to, the rights to life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness. These precepts are often juxtaposed with positive, or legal, rights which are conferred by a particular legal system and can be modified or repealed.
Throughout history, different interpretations of natural law have emerged, yet European Enlightenment thinkers' perspectives were pivotal in shaping political systems based on these rights, providing an alternative to the divine right of kings or established social hierarchies of their time.