Final answer:
Thymine dimers can cause replication and transcription stall and introduce mutations.
Step-by-step explanation:
One way that TNRE (thymine dimer formation) may occur involves the formation of thymine dimers, which can stall replication and transcription and introduce frameshift or point mutations. Thymine dimers are formed when two adjacent thymines become covalently linked, commonly induced by UV exposure. If left unrepaired, both DNA replication and transcription can be stalled at this point, potentially leading to mutations.